6, The Exploitation of Japanese Documents (December 14, 1944); No. The report contained 28 pages of translations, each translation accompanied by a photostatic copy of the original document and authenticated under oath by the translation. On 10 January 1942, during the Dutch East Indies Campaign, Japanese forces invaded the Dutch East Indies as part of the Pacific War. [4] See The Beginnings of the United States Armys Japanese Language Training: From the Presidio of San Francisco to Camp Savage, Minnesota 1941-1942,. Japan's threatened military encroachment closer to Australia hinted at some type of potential invasion of the northernmost frontiers. . 2 in May 1943. While MacArthur sought eight days worth of support from the fleet's powerful fleet carriers, Nimitz would only agree to commit this force for two days after the landings. Possibly the most important translations published by the 6th Army ATIS Advanced Echelon in February 1945, were files of orders of the Japanese 58th Independent Mixed Brigade. It held what turned out to be a gold mine of valuable documents, including battle plans, codes and letters. Japanese forces to the west were reconfigured to form a defense line through Biak and Manokwari,[62] while the Japanese 18th Army, still in defensive positions around Wewak, to the east, were faced with a long retreat west through the jungle having been ordered to bypass Hollandia and Aitape and reinforce the 2nd Army in western New Guinea. This attack also destroyed 60 percent of all rations and ammunition that had been landed, and resulted in shortages amongst the infantry advancing towards the airfields. US troops and vehicles along the invasion beach at Korako. 9, Japanese-English Medical Dictionary; No. The U.S. built Naval Base Morotai, . [43] The facilities in the area were designated Base G. Several higher headquarters were moved to the area, including those of the Sixth Army, Eighth Army, Fifth Air Force, and Seventh Fleet. The War Department Intelligence Service established a secret school at the Presidio of San Francisco to teach individuals to be Japanese-language interpreters and translators. 2, Alphabetical List of 40,000 Japanese Army Officer (May 1943); No. Engineers operating amphtracks pushed forward from Jautefa Bay to the lake to carry the infantry around the Japanese positions at the lake, completing their flanking maneuver on 25 April. When Germany and Italy declared war on the United States days later, America found itself in a global war. Coming from battle fields, crashed aircraft, graves, sunken ships and foxholes, many of them torn, defaced, water-soaked, soiled and charred, making them difficult or impossible to read. This bombing operation was also the moment in the New Guinea campaign when Japanese air power no longer threatened the Allies. ATIS Inventories were also prepared. [27] As the Japanese ground forces pressed toward Port Moresby, the Allied Air Forces struck supply points along the Kokoda Track. [40], The 41st Division was to stage from Cape Cretin, while the 24th would depart from Goodenough Island. MacArthur's plan was bold, as it involved making a large amphibious landing deep behind the front lines in New Guinea. In February 1944, marines and soldiers from the 27th Infantry Division captured important documents at Engebi Island. Most important of all, the bombers of MacArthur's air forces, under the command of Lieutenant General George C. Kenney, had been modified to enable new offensive tactics. [6] See The Sinking of the Japanese Submarine I-1 off of Guadalcanal and the Recovery of its Secret Documents., [7] See A Letter from Somewhere in Burma, June 1944. Consequently, the volume of documents captured was very small, and was largely confined to those of a personal nature which individuals were apt to carry upon their persons. However, using 27 tons, at 40 lbs. [38], General Imamura and his naval counterpart at Rabaul, Admiral Jinichi Kusaka, commander Southeast Area Fleet, resolved to reinforce their ground forces at Lae for one final all-out attempt against Wau. The following month at least 20 fighters were lost in combat, while eight were destroyed in July. 72 (formerly ATIS Information Bulletin No. Rabaul became the forward base for the Japanese campaigns in mainland New Guinea, including the pivotal Kokoda Track campaign of July 1942 - January 1943, and the Battle of Buna-Gona. Today known as Jayapura, in 1941 Hollandia (140.707E 2.543S) was the largest settlement in the Dutch half of New Guinea.It was located on the only really first-class natural harbor on the north coast of Dutch New Guinea, Humboldt Bay, though it had only primitive port facilities. He told soldiers that ATIS personnel had told him that they had seen Japanese . U.S. Military forces began capturing records almost as soon as the war began and started exploiting them immediately. The story of the capture and return of the Z documents is detailed in Appendix II. Exact tracings and translations were supplied to XXIV Corps prior to attack on these positions. Pre-landing reconnaissance efforts were hampered by the destruction of the Australian scouting party that was landed in the area by submarine in late March, and the reality of the terrain was only discovered through aerial intelligence that arrived too late. ", John Vader, New Guinea: The Tide Is Stemmed, p. 93, The Australian 7th Division under the command of Major General George Alan Vasey, along with the revitalized US 32nd Division, restarted the Allied offensive. As a result of immediate translation of the map, the 5th Air Force was informed and proceeded to destroy practically all of the barges. It was a new kind of combined operations warfare in which the Allies consistently outclassed their Japanese opponents. These totaled 11,000 men under the command of General Masazumi Inada, Major General Toyozo Kitazono and Rear Admiral Yoshikazu Endo (Ninth Fleet). Hollandia was a port on the north coast of New Guinea, part of the Dutch East Indies, and was the only anchorage between Wewak to the east, and Geelvink Bay to the west. 10, Restoration of Captured Documents (June 28, 1945). (Map 2) Invasion of Dutch New Guinea. [16] In the resulting 48 May 1942 Battle of the Coral Sea, the Allies suffered higher losses in ships, but achieved a crucial strategic victory by turning the Japanese landing force back, thereby removing the threat to Port Moresby, at least for the time being. When Japanese Americans on the West Coast were moved into internment camps in the late spring of 1942, the school moved to temporary quarters at Camp Savage, Minnesota. Two major moves were planned for the end of June: Eventually, the Joint Chiefs of Staff realized that a landing and siege of "Fortress Rabaul" would be far too costly, and that the Allies' ultimate strategic purposes could be achieved by simply neutralizing and bypassing it. Historian Samuel Eliot Morison summed up the results this way: the enemy had shot his bolt; he never showed up again in these waters. 7 was cancelled and no record is held that No. The story begins on March 31, 1944, when two Japanese Kawanishi flying boats were enroute to Mindanao in the Philippines. Many of the captured documents provided significant intelligence to General Douglas MacArthurs forces in the SWPA. [40], About 6,900 troops aboard eight transports, escorted by eight destroyers, departed Rabaul at midnight 28 February under the command of Rear Admiral Masatomi Kimura. Current Translation No. This document provided a complete list of approximately 40,000 Japanese Army officers together with their assignments. Most regrettable!!' The large majority of the defending Japanese troops there had uncharacteristically abandoned their positions and fled inland. Joseph J. Rochefort (of the Battle of Midway code-breaking fame). To alleviate this difficulty, in July 1944, an officer was assigned for duty with ATIS for the purpose of organizing a sub-section to clean and restore documents making them more readily legible. The whole northern coast of the island was now in Allied hands and airfields from which bombers could strike the southern Philippines were soon in operation. 72 was published as an accumulation of documentary evidence for the Commission Regarding Breaches of the Rules of Warfare by the Japanese Forces of the Australian Commonwealth. Nimitz offered to assign eight small escort carriers to support the landing at Aitape, with these vessels then proceeding to support operations at Hollandia until 11 May. "[32], "Also formidable was the tenacity of the enemy, who would fight to the death in these stinking holes, starving, diseased and with their dead rotting and unburied beside them. Bypassing the Japanese base at Halmahera, south of Morotai, the XI Corps quickly established a defensive perimeter behind which airfields were constructed to provide air support for further advances. According to Morison, "the Japanese retreat down the Kokoda Trail had turned into a rout. Such experiments led to improvements in naval gunfire techniques and infantry tactics in time for the Marshalls operation. Among this cache were code books and a list of Japanese and German agents in the United States. formId: "13b57390-1d3c-43b8-b8c2-4570bb51abe4", On April 29, 1944, ATIS Research Report No. In early 1943, it became apparent, as the Allies assumed the offensive, that the volume of documents captured would far exceed the capacity of personnel available to translate each and every document in full. [56] On the other hand, the Allied operation had been over-insured; concerns over the strength of the Japanese garrison had left the Allies with a four to one advantage in the event. In July and August 1945 CIC agents gathered more documents at Kweilin in southern China on the Gui River. Even before the war ended, ATIS was exploiting captured records for war crimes purposes. The landing was supported by carrier-based aircraft of the U.S. 5th Fleet, which had also struck Japanese air installations at Wakde and Sarmi to the northwest. Image courtesy of the Library of Congress. US troops man Anti Aircraft MG in New Guinea 1942. This document was immediately translated and subsequently provided new bombing targets for the B-29s over Japan and during the early occupation provided a means of quickly locating and seizing armaments. [46], On landing, the U.S. troops came under sporadic small arms and machine gun fire, but this was quickly suppressed. As a result, code breaking was the main source of intelligence. The Japanese had already captured Rabaul, the capital of the Australian-controlled territory of New Guinea, on 23 January 1942, and early in February Australian and Dutch forces surrendered the island of Ambon in the Netherlands East Indies (modern Indonesia). This was done to fool the Japanese into believing that the documents had not been discovered by the Allies. In early January 1943, Japanese documents taken from the body of a sniper killed near Soputa, New Guinea, revealed the entire standing operating procedure of the Japanese in that area. Philippine Series Bulletins represented special reports of items pertaining to the Philippine Islands. The students were mostly second-generation Japanese-Americans (Nisei) from the West Coast. [29] The Japanese arrived and the 25 August 7 September Battle of Milne Bay was underway. While it was beyond MacArthur's capabilities to deny Buna to the Japanese, the same could not be said of Milne Bay, which was easily accessible by Allied naval forces. See Appendix I for information about the ATIS publication program. The Battle of Hollandia (code-named Operation Reckless) was an engagement between Allies of World War II and Japanese forces during World War II. The US Navy had similar language programs. They were prepared and distributed as a result of a specific need, and represented a form of publication for matters outside the usual range of translations and reports. [18] A large number of Japanese aircraft were stationed at airfields near Hollandia in March 1944. By the end of the war, ATIS had processed over 350,000 documents (or 1,680 cubic feet of records).[17]. The translation of documents captured in the Southwest Pacific Area began with those taken in the Milne Bay operation in August 1942. The quantity and type of documents captured from the Japanese varied widely. [1] Among them were the Southeast Asia Translation and Interrogation Center (SEATIC)[2]; the Sino Translation and Interrogation Center (SINTIC)[3]; and, the Joint Intelligence Center, Pacific Ocean Areas (JICPOA). [28][29] Secondary landings would take place Aitape, 125 miles to the east, at the same time as those around Hollandia. Interestingly enough, among these records was a complete listing of the Japanese Imperial Army Ordnance Inventory. [50], Three transports were assigned to the operation, Westralia, Gunston Hall and Ganymede. [24] A gradual improvement in their numbers and skill forced the Japanese bombers up to higher altitude, where they were less accurate, and then, in August, to raiding by night. This information was given to the 163rd Infantry Regiment of the 41st Infantry Division who used it in subsequent offensive operations. 76) and Japanese efforts to fight Plague and Cholera (No. Document numbers and a brief description including authority, title, date, area of reference and similar essential data were set forth under seventeen headings, such as 1) Diaries, Field; 5) Letters, Postcards; and 16) Technical Documents. Gen. Robert C. Richardson became commanding general of U.S. Army Forces, Pacific Ocean Area, in which capacity he remained subordinate to Nimitzs operational control. [citation needed]. This airfield was of great value to the Australians during the fighting for northeast Papua. Having been organized along lines completely unorthodox, these were invaluable documents to the G-2 Section, especially as this Force was a major enemy unit on the left flank near La Union, Luzon, at that time. The experience of the green US 32nd Infantry Division, just out of training camp and utterly unschooled in jungle warfare, was nearly disastrous. [67], Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}23158.8S 140431.2E / 2.533000S 140.717000E / -2.533000; 140.717000. [18]. An A B and C priority system was established; with A being documents of operational value; B being documents of probable or general value; and, C being documents containing information of no apparent value. Primary Image: The US pursued a two-pronged offensive across the central and southwest Pacific to . [21] Japanese bombers were often escorted by fighters which came in at 30,000ft (9,100m)too high to be intercepted by the P-39s and P-40sgiving the Japanese an altitude advantage in air combat. 5, Bibliographic Subject Index for Enemy Publications 1-200 (November 30, 1944), with a supplementary index from 201-300 (March 1945); No. [27], The ground forces would be supported by two naval bombardment forces. Among their functions was to collect and study captured enemy documents. Furthermore, the Milne Bay affair demonstrated once again that an amphibious assault without air protection, and with an assault force inferior to that of the defenders, could not succeed. This was the so-called Z Operation document which gave the Japanese air and naval plan of defense against Allied attacks on their South Pacific possessions, giving their solutions for the defense against Allied attacks in three sectors of the South Pacific. All agreed, of course, that the naval forces that had met with such success in the Gilbert Islands should push toward the Marianas, from which the heavy B-29 bombers of the Army Air Forces could strike at Japan. By 26 April, U.S. troops secured the two eastern airfields, and later that day linked up with forces advancing from the 24th Division advancing from Tanahmerah Bay. Interestingly, one of the Japanese operational orders provided the instructions Utmost precautions will be taken to conceal the plan., In mid-March agents of the 40th CIC Detachment captured on Panay Island and Negros Island incriminating documents of Panays puppet governor. JICPOA personnel also served, beginning in January 1945, at the Advance Intelligence Center (AIC), established at the CINCPAC Advance Headquarters at Guam. Instructions were issued to the assaulting forces personnel not to pocket captured documents as souvenirs but to turn them over to JICPOA personnel.[10]. [21][22] Of the total force, 22,500 combat troops were assigned to the landing at Aitape; while the rest (nearly 30,000) were allocated to the Hollandia landings. Classes began November 1, 1941, with four instructors and 60 students in an abandoned airplane hangar at Crissy Field. Only 30 percent of the captured documents needed no treatment; the rest needed cleaning, drying, and/or other conservation treatment. This diary along with other documents relating to atrocities was used in the trials of Japanese war criminals. In February 1943, the first contingent of twenty graduates from the Navys Japanese Language School at Boulder, Colorado arrived at ICPOA and began interrogating prisoners of war and translating captured documents. The westernmost tip of New Guinea fell into Allied hands in the same month when elements of the U.S. 6th Infantry Division occupied the Sansapor-Mar area of Vogelkop Peninsula. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for My dad's whole collection of old stamps UNTEA Dutch Nw Guinea [ay08] at the best online prices at eBay! They were numerical inventories under 17 principal categories of documents considered to be of probable or general value. [57] Stephen R. Taaffe reached a similar conclusion. [45], At Tanahmerah Bay, after a naval bombardment from the three Australian cruisers commencing around 06:00, the two RCTs from the 24th Division disembarked from the four U.S. and Australian transports Henry T. Allen, Carter Hall, Kanimbla and Manoora and moved ashore aboard 16 LCIs. 87 (Japanese Mines and Minesweeping); and, Nos. None of the senior officers present had been in post more than a few weeks and the senior air officer had been relieved following the destruction of his air forces at the beginning of April. Gen. Robert L. Eichelberger, previously commander of the U.S. [37], The Allies conducted a deception operation to ensure that the Japanese continued to believe that they would land at Hansa Bay rather than Hollandia. 11, Factors in Japanese Military Psychology was ever completed, although the material intended for this publication could have been used instead for Research Report No. Their operation plan decreed a five-pronged attack: one task force to establish a seaplane base at Tulagi in the lower Solomons, one to establish a seaplane base in the Louisiade Archipelago off the eastern tip of New Guinea, one of transports to land troops near Port Moresby, one with a light carrier to cover the landing, and one with two fleet carriers to sink the Allied forces sent in response. The Z Plan [issued as Admiral Kogas Combined Fleet Secret Operations Order No. [65][18] In mid-July, the Japanese launched their counterattack with around 20,000 troops, resulting in heavy fighting further inland during the Battle of Driniumor River. Instances were noted of officers completely out of their depth, of men eating meals when they should have been on the firing line, even of cowardice. The Japanese 18th Army (equivalent to an Anglo-American corps), under Lieutenant General Hataz Adachi, was responsible for Japanese operations on mainland New Guinea. A force of 800 Australian troops landed on 22 October on either side of the Japanese position. At 177 planes, this was the largest Japanese air attack since Pearl Harbor. The weather changed direction and Kimura's slow-moving task force was spotted by an Allied scout plane. RAAF radar could not provide sufficient warning of Japanese attacks, so reliance was placed on coastwatchers and spotters in the hills until an American radar unit arrived in September with better equipment. Nowhere in the modern world has an armed liberation struggle persisted for so long - nearly 30 years - and with such secrecy, as the West Papuan war of resistance against the military government of Indonesia. [4][23], The main landings at Hollandia would be made at two locations. [17] It proved difficult to accurately estimate the size and composition of the Japanese defenses, as attempts to infiltrate reconnaissance parties in the area failed. [45], "At 1400 the Russell Island radar screen became milky with traces of bogeys and Guadalcanal broadcast "Condition Red," followed shortly by an unprecedented "Condition Very Red. The terrain, however, proved more problematic. While military planners argued the merits of one approach over another, two main lines of attack were actually followed during 1944: (1) MacArthurs ground forces (including Army, Marine, and Navy elements) strengthened their hold in New Guinea and eventually invaded the Philippines; (2) Nimitzs naval forces drove across the central Pacific from the Gilberts to the Marianas and then covered the landing in the Philippines. After the Japanese invasion of New Guinea the Americans, aided by Australian troops, organized a series of landings and other offensive actions against the Japanese in New Guinea. This contest produced a number of valuable documents and propaganda leaflets. The U.S. 24th Division's 19th and 21st Regimental Combat Teams (RCTs) were to land at Tanahmerah Bay. Copies of these ATIS publications can be found at the National Archives at College Park, the Australian National Archives, as well as other archival repositories. Current Translations were publications containing complete translations of documents classified A, B, C, or D in ATIS Bulletins. Office of Strategic Services (OSS) Counter Intelligence (X-2) personnel at Rangoon Burma seized, in the former Japanese Embassy, a mass of documentation on the Kempei Tai (Japanese Military Police), Japanese political intelligence organizations, spy schools, and other political and intelligence organizations. [51] Eight waves landed at White 1 after two LCIs fired rockets at the high ground overlooking the beach where several Japanese antiaircraft guns were located. Also produced were ATIS Publications. For this purpose, liaison was established and during July and August ATIS furnished the Board with approximately 1,200 pages of translations. Documents captured during the Philippine operations also proved useful. This translation aided materially in speeding up the execution of the subsequent attack on Saipan and other Japanese bases in the Pacific, which occurred shortly thereafter. Red 2 beach was found to be highly unsuitable and the promised roads were non-existent. [14] The 18th Army did not plan for the defense of Hollandia, and the Army Air Force and Naval units stationed there had little opportunity to develop plans due to the rapid turnover of their leadership. 119 deals with the Japanese Military Police Service and Report No. Consequently, Japanese efforts to develop the area were delayed throughout 1943 and 1944. Interrogation of a prisoner confirmed the fact that supplies were being unloaded at Lae from enemy submarines. [17] These troops were positioned along the Depapre Lake Sentani trail. As in most Pacific War campaigns, disease and starvation claimed more Japanese lives than enemy action. In March General Hatazo Adachi, the commander of the Japanese 18th Army, was ordered by the Second Area Army to withdraw his forces west from the Madang-Hansa Bay area to Hollandia, with one division to be dispatched there immediately. Their noses had been refitted with eight 50-caliber machine guns for strafing slow-moving ships on the high seas. 17 with Allied and Japanese Operations Among Natives of Dutch New Guinea; No. [7], MacArthur met with the commander of the Pacific Fleet, Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, at Brisbane between 25 and 27 March to discuss the role of the Navy in the operation. Forward positions would first be established at Milne Bay, located in the forked eastern end of the Papuan peninsula, and at Buna, a village on the northeast coast of Papua about halfway between Huon Gulf and Milne Bay. These provided the first clues to breaking the Japanese Navys operational codes. 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