the american forests john muir summary

Home The Forests of the Yosemite Park . Then he strikes off into the virgin woods, where the sugar-pine, king of all the hundred species of pines in the world in size and beauty, towers on the open sunny slopes of the Sierra in the fullness of its glory. The sky is black and the ground is black, and on either side there is a continuous border of black stumps and logs and blasted trees appealing to heaven for help as if still half alive, and their mute eloquence is most interestingly touching. The abstract is typically a short summary of the . David Suzuki, The Sacred Balance: Rediscovering Our Place in Nature. See All test questions. He closes his long essay with his now-famous statements: "Any fool can destroy trees. American forester, the first Chief of the US Forest Service and his family was the financial backer for the country's first forestry school (at Yale University), so there can be no doubt where the profession of forestry locates itself in the Muir-Pinchot debate. No place is too good for good men, and still there is room. But not one denuded acre in a hundred is allowed to raise a new forest growth. Theres big money in it, and your grub costs nothing. Listen to the trailer for Holy Week. The great naturalist also visits the. The two most fascinating questions about extraterrestrial life are where it is found and what it is like. They buy no land, pay no taxes, dwell in a paradise with no forbidding angel either from Washington or from heaven. Still, the species is not in danger of extinction. It grows sturdily on all kinds of soil and rocks, and, protected by a mail of . Word Count: 490. Muir is credited with both the creation of the National Park System and the establishment of the Sierra Club. Every other civilized nation in the world has been compelled to care for its forests, and so must we if waste and destruction are not to go on to the bitter end, leaving America as barren as Palestine or Spain. Of the total area of government forests, perhaps 70,000,000 acres, 55,000,000 acres have been brought under the control of the forestry department, a larger area than that of all our national parks and reservations. Within the pantheon of environmental greats, few match the stature of John Muir. Type the abstract of the document here. The fact is, it was all started over 100 years ago by two men I like to refer to as the founding fathers of America's public lands. The great forests of Northern United States captivated him and fueled . With a cheap mustang or mule to carry a pair of blankets, a sack of flour, a few pounds of coffee, and an axe, a frow, and a cross-cut saw, the shake-maker ascends the mountains to the pine belt where it is most accessible, usually by some mine or mill road. Conservation generally refers to the act of consciously and efficiently using land and/or its natural resources. John Muir Lesson for Kids: Facts & Biography 2022-10-26. Then he advertises, in whatever way he can, that he has excellent sugar-pine shakes for sale, easy of access and cheap. After becoming president in 1901, Roosevelt used his authority to establish 150 national forests, 51 federal bird reserves, four national game preserves, five national parks and . No other route on this continent so fully illustrates the abomination of desolation. Such a claim would be reasonable, as each seems the worst, whatever route you chance to take. 2) Yosemite Glaciers. All sorts of local laws and regulations have been tried and found wanting, and the costly lessons of our own experience, as well as that of every civilized nation, show conclusively that the fate of the remnant of our forests is in the hands of the federal government, and that if the remnant is to be saved at all, it must be saved quickly. Its focus is the general geology and characteristics of the Sierra Nevada. John Muir (1838-1914) was born in Scotland and emigrated to Wisconsin as a young boy. Travelers through the West in summer are not likely to forget the fire-work displayed along the various railway tracks. One of the reasons why John Muir and other naturalists would have believed that the grandeur of Western America was shaped entirely by natural forces is that they had no idea how many Native. In the settlement and civilization of the country, bread more than timber or beauty was wanted; and in the blindness of hunger, the early settlers, claiming Heaven as their guide, regarded Gods trees as only a larger kind of pernicious weeds, extremely hard to get rid of. In particular, from our Earth-based vantage point, we are keen to know where the closest life to us is, and how similar it might be to life on our home planet. John Muir (1838-1914), the great naturalist and founder of the Sierra Club, has long been a favorite of mine. Muir fell in love with the immense beauty of the mountain landscape. travel our way. This can be in the form of setting aside tracts of land for protection from hunting or urban development, or it can take the form of using less resources such as . This means that less than 50,000 acres have been planted with stunted, woebegone, almost hopeless sprouts of trees, while at the same time the government has allowed millions of acres of the grandest forest trees to be stolen, or destroyed, or sold for nothing. Thence still westward the invading horde of destroyers called settlers made its fiery way over the broad Rocky Mountains, felling and burning more fiercely than ever, until at last it has reached the wild side of the continent, and entered the last of the great aboriginal forests on the shores of the Pacific. The annual appropriation for so-called protection service is hardly sufficient to keep twenty-five timber agents in the field, and as far as any efficient protection of timber is concerned these agents themselves might as well be timber. U.S. The blackness is perfect. During his lengthy wanderings, Muir contemplated man's relationship to nature. It took more than three thousand years to make some of the trees in these Western woods, trees that are still standing in perfect strength and beauty, waving and singing in the mighty forests of the Sierra. Muir's nature was a pristine refuge from the city. "No prisoners were taken," recalled the witness to these events . Our National Parks, by John Muir (1901, c. (1901)) - John Muir Writings . The volume is from the press of Houghton . Let them be welcomed still as nature welcomes them, to the woods as well as to the prairies and plains. These forests were composed of about five hundred species of trees, all of them in some way useful to man, ranging in size from twenty-five feet in height and less than one foot in diameter at the ground to four hundred feet in height and more than twenty feet in diameter, lordly monarchs proclaiming the gospel of beauty like apostles. Of all the destroyers that infest the woods the shake-maker seems the happiest. 234, Muir describes the beauty of trees in the many varied regions across America as "they appeared a few centuries ago when they were rejoicing in wildness." Mere destroyers, however, tree-killers, spreading death and confusion in the fairest groves and gardens ever planted, let the government hasten to cast them out and make an end of them. Chuck Roe -A Sesquicentennial Account of John Muir's 1,000 Mile Walk - A review of the landscape 150 years after Muir's walk, with a focus on the progress of land conservation and identification of the many publicly-accessible, protected natural areas now located immediately along Muir's route. Roe's intent was to observe and describe the publicly accessible parks, nature preserves, forests . The settlement laws, under which a settler may enter lands valuable for timber as well as for agriculture, furnish another means of obtaining title to public timber. Here and there in the Southern States there are still considerable areas of timbered government land, but these are comparatively unimportant. It seems, therefore, that almost every civilized nation can give us a lesson on the management and care of forests. The people will not always be deceived by selfish opposition, whether from lumber and mining corporations or from sheepmen and prospectors, however cunningly brought forward underneath fables and gold. On the other hand, about one half of the fifty million francs spent on forestry has been given to engineering works, to make the replanting of denuded areas possible. Drifting adventurers in California, after harvest and threshing are over, oftentimes meet to discuss their plans for the winter, and their talk is interesting. Most notably, this was John Muir's first published essay (1871). So we confidently believe it will be with our great national parks and forest reservations. But the state woodlands are not allowed to lie idle. The Wild Parks and Forest Reservations of the West, chapter 1 of 'Our National Parks' by John Muir (1901). During heavy rainfalls and while the winter accumulations of snow were melting, the larger streams would swell into destructive torrents; cutting deep, rugged-edged gullies, carrying away the fertile humus and soil as well as sand and rocks, filling up and overflowing their lower channels, and covering the lowland fields with raw detritus. "The forests of America, however slighted by man, must have been a great delight to God; for they were the best he ever planted." He described trees with a diameter of twenty feet as "lordly. The redwood is one of the few conifers that sprout from the stump and roots, and it declares itself willing to begin immediately to repair the damage of the lumberman and also that of the forest-burner. Lerner Publications Company, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 1992. In no other way than under some one of these laws can a citizen of the United States make any use of the public forests. Under its provisions, the cantons must appoint and pay the number of suitably educated foresters required for the fulfillment of the forest law; and in the organization of a normally stocked forest, the object of first importance must be the cutting each year of an amount of timber equal to the total annual increase, and no more. But there is not a single specimen of the redwood in any national park. Visit the John Muir National Historic Site, located in Martinez, California. They have so long been allowed to steal and destroy in peace that any impediment to forest robbery is denounced as a cruel and irreligious interference with vested rights, likely to endanger the repose of all ungodly welfare. John Muir, (born April 21, 1838, Dunbar, East Lothian, Scot.died Dec. 24, 1914, Los Angeles, Calif., U.S.), U.S. naturalist and conservationist. Aldo Leopold, Thinking Like a Mountain. They are four feet long, four inches wide, and about one fourth of an inch thick. It is the only genuine Erebus route. John Muir wrote a great essay, known as the "The American Forest" which spoke about the great beauty of nature and Chief Seattle gave a great speech known as the " Environmentalist Statement" which spoke about sustainability and the respect we need to provide and invoke. Muir enumerates the forest regulations of the principal countries of the world, and then reviews the abuses this country has allowed, detailing the fraudulent methods used by the timber thieves to gain title to thousands of forested acres. In the settlement and civilization of the country, bread more than timber or beauty was wanted; and in the blindness of hunger, the early settlers, claiming Heaven as their guide, regarded Gods trees as only a larger kind of pernicious weeds, extremely hard to get rid of. Flying Spur Press, Yosemite, California. Relating how the ever-increasing horde of settlers had poured across the continent, Muir writes: " with no eye to the future, these pious destroyers waged interminable forest wars; chips flew thick and fast, trees in their beauty fell crashing by the millions and the smoke of their burning has been rising to heaven more than 200 years . Every other civilized nation in the world has been compelled to care for its forests, and so must we if waste and destruction are not to go on to the bitter end." Besides his labor, only a few pounds of nails are required. Humans, Muir decided, are no greater or lesser than other forms of life. Then he goes to work sawing and splitting for the market, tying the shakes in bundles of fifty or a hundred. The United States government has always been proud of the welcome it has extended to good men of every nation, seeking freedom and homes and bread. The effect of the present confused, discriminating, and unjust system has been to place almost the whole population in opposition to the government; and as conclusive of its futility, as shown by Mr. Bowers, we need only state that during the seven years from 1881 to 1887 inclusive the value of the timber reported stolen from the government lands was $36,719,935, and the amount recovered was $478,073, while the cost of the services of special agents alone was $455,000, to which must be added the expense of the trials. After several legal battles, Congress established Yosemite National Park in 1890 in order to protect thousands of acres of forest land from further destruction. The forest service does not rest satisfied with the present proportion of woodland, but looks to planting the best forest trees it can find in any country, if likely to be useful and to thrive in Japan. Listen to the trailer for. Few that fell trees plant them; nor would planting avail much towards getting back anything like the noble primeval forests. Only the lower, perfectly clear, free-splitting portions of the giant pines are used, perhaps ten to twenty feet from a tree two hundred and fifty in height; all the rest is left a mass of ruins, to rot or to feed the forest fires, while thousands are hacked deeply and rejected in proving the grain. About | President Theodore Roosevelt & John Muir. While in Alaska, I saw the loveliest forests and scenery I've ever seen. The same thing is true of the mines, which consume and destroy indirectly immense quantities of timber with their innumerable fires, accidental or set to make open ways, and often without regard to how far they run. These forests were composed of about five hundred species of trees, all of them in some way useful to man, ranging in size from twenty-five feet in height and less than one foot in diameter at the ground to four hundred feet in height and more than twenty feet in diameter, lordly monarchs proclaiming the gospel of beauty like apostles. The forests of America, however slighted by man, must have been a great delight to God; for they were the best he ever planted. Yet the dawn of a new day in forestry is breaking. Worn out from this devastating loss, Muir retreated from political life and spent his remaining years writing and spending time with his family.John Muir died in December, 1914. Not only do the shepherds, at the driest time of the year, set fire to everything that will burn, but the sheep consume every green leaf, not sparing even the young conifers when they are in a starving condition from crowding, and they rake and dibble the loose soil of the mountain sides for the spring floods to wash away, and thus at last leave the ground barren. The cool shades of the forest give rise to moist beds and currents of air, and the sod of grasses and the various flowering plants and shrubs thus fostered, together with the network and sponge of tree roots, absorb and hold back the rain and the waters from melting snow, compelling them to ooze and percolate and flow gently through the soil in streams that never dry. It has, therefore, as shown by Mr. Pinchot, refused to deliver its forests to more or less speedy destruction by permitting them to pass into private ownership. By looking at their views and uses of language we can gain a better understanding of the environmental movement both during their lifetimes and as it . 357-[393]. He shared his love of the outdoors through writing and inspired people to protect our country's wild places like Yosemite, Grand Canyon and Sequoia & King's Canyon . In most mills only the best portions of the best trees are used, while the ruins are left on the ground to feed great fires which kill much of what is left of the less desirable timber, together with the seedlings on which the permanence of the forest depends. Our National Parks, by John Muir (1901, c. 1909) - The Writings of John Muir - John Muir Exhibit (John Muir Education Project, Sierra Club California) Our National Parks by John Muir Contents List of Illustrations Preface The Wild Parks and Forest Reservations of the West The Yellowstone National Park The Yosemite National Park President Teddy Roosevelt was profoundly influenced by Muir and the conservation movement. John Muir, (born April 21, 1838, Dunbar, East Lothian, Scotlanddied December 24, 1914, Los Angeles, California, U.S.), Scottish-born American naturalist, writer, and advocate of U.S. forest conservation, who was largely responsible for the establishment of Sequoia National Park and Yosemite National Park, which are located in California. The Sierra Club is the oldest, largest and most influential conservation organization in the United States. John Muir; At Home in the Wild. Muir ended his life living in the care of his Chinese employees. This grand tree, Sequoia sempervirens, is surpassed in size only by its near relative, Sequoia gigantea, or big tree, of the Sierra Nevada, if indeed it is surpassed. John Muir in Yosemite. A leaf, a flower, a stone - the simple beauty of nature filled John Muir with joy. The Indians with stone axes could do them no more harm than could gnawing beavers and browsing moose. This tree is one of the most variable and most widely distributed of American pines. Golden Gate National Recreation Area, Muir Woods National Monument, Download the official NPS app before your next visit. As a boy, Muir was "fond of everything that was wild" (My Boyhood and Youth 30) and took great pleasure in the outdoors. As is shown by Mr. E. A. Bowers, formerly Inspector of the Public Land Service, the foundation of our protective policy, which has never protected, is an act passed March 1, 1817, which authorized the Secretary of the Navy to reserve lands producing live-oak and cedar, for the sole purpose of supplying timber for the navy of the United States. It is the citizens of this country who are robbing from and destroying the beautiful forest. John Muir, in The American Forests, speaks fondly of the American forests, calling them the "glory of the world." He discusses the genera of each coast, and describes the vast diversity between species, size, and some wildlife. Last summer, of the unrivaled redwood forests of the Pacific Coast Range the United States Forestry Commission could not find a single quarter-section that remained in the hands of the government. Here, in The Mountains of California, is the first time the phrase Range . For years, the conservationists, who wanted to protect the awesome valley in its natural setting, were pitted against the Californians who wanted to dam the valley to create a new and reliable drinking water reservoir. He would later be called the godfather of the American environmental movement. About this book. A Wind-Storm in the Forests. Nor will the woods be the worse for this use, or their benign influences be diminished any more than the sun is diminished by shining. The feudal lords valued the woodlands, and enacted vigorous protective laws; and when, in the latest civil war, the Mikado government destroyed the feudal system, it declared the forests that had belonged to the feudal lords to be the property of the state, promulgated a forest law binding on the whole kingdom, and founded a school of forestry in Tokio. Conservation in the United States can be traced back to the 19th century with the formation of the first National Park. The half dozen transcontinental railroad companies advertise the beauties of their lines in gorgeous many-colored folders, each claiming its as the scenic route. The route of superior desolation the smoke, dust, and ashes route would be a more truthful description. See also: no. > Trees go wandering forth in all directions with every wind, going and coming like ourselves, traveling with us around the sun two million miles a day, and through space heaven knows how fast and far! But timber-thieves of the Western class are seldom convicted, for the good reason that most of the jurors who try such cases are themselves as guilty as those on trial. It is the citizens of this country who are robbing from and destroying the beautiful forest. Then he chops into one after another of the pines, until he finds one that he feels sure will split freely, cuts this down, saws off a section four feet long, splits it, and from this first cut, perhaps seven feet in diameter, he gets shakes enough for a cabin and its furniture, walls, roof, door, bedstead, table, and stool. by man, must have been a great delight to. University of Northern Iowa UNI ScholarWorks Electronic Theses and Dissertations Graduate College 2016 Three men in the wilderness: Ideas and concepts of Both environmentalists were great activists that informed the . Any fool can destroy trees. Drought and barrenness would follow. Thus for nearly thirty-seven million dollars worth of timber the government got less than nothing; and the value of that consumed by running fires during the same period, without benefit even to thieves, was probably over two hundred millions of dollars. To view the content in your browser, please download Adobe Reader or, alternately, Six of this volume's ten chapters are devoted to Muir's beloved Yosemite, exploring the forests, fountains, streams, and animals of the Sierra Nevada. In the clearings of one of the largest mills on the coast we found thirty men at work, last summer, cutting off redwood shoots in the dark of the moon, claiming that all the stumps and roots cleared at this auspicious time would send up no more shoots. Let them be as free to pick gold and gems from the hills, to cut and hew, dig and plant, for homes and bread, as the birds are to pick berries from the wild bushes, and moss and leaves for nests. And when he was tired wading in the sloughs and touched with rheumatiz, he just knocked off on ducks, and went to the Contra Costa hills for dove and quail. 1) The Sierra Nevada. Surveyed thus from the east to the west, from the north to the south, they are rich beyond thought, immortal, immeasurable, enough and to spare for every feeding, sheltering beast and bird, insect and son of Adam; and nobody need have cared had there been no pines in Norway, no cedars and deodars on Lebanon and the Himalayas, no vine-clad selvas in the basin of the Amazon. All the pine needles and rootlets and blades of grass, and the fallen decaying trunks of trees, are dams, storing the bounty of the clouds and dispensing it in perennial life-giving streams, instead of allowing it to gather suddenly and rush headlong in short-lived devastating floods. So far our government has done nothing effective with its forests, though the best in the world, but is like a rich and foolish spendthrift who has inherited a magnificent estate in perfect order, and then has left his rich fields and meadows, forests and parks, to be sold and plundered and wasted at will, depending on their inexhaustible abundance. Even the fires of the Indians and the fierce shattering lightning seemed to work together only for good in clearing spots here and there for smooth garden prairies, and openings for sunflowers seeking the light. Katherine S. Talmadge. To the northward, over Maine and the Ottawa, rose hosts of spiry, rosiny evergreens, white pine and spruce, hemlock and cedar, shoulder to shoulder, laden with purple cones, their myriad needles sparkling and shimmering, covering hills and swamps, rocky headlands and domes, ever bravely aspiring and seeking the sky; the ground in their shade now snow-clad and frozen, now mossy and flowery; beaver meadows here and there, full of lilies and grass; lakes gleaming like eyes, and a silvery embroidery of rivers and creeks watering and brightening all the vast glad wilderness. Any fool can destroy trees. I suppose we need not go mourning the buffaloes. God has cared for these trees, saved them from drought, disease, and avalanches; but he cannot save them from fools, only Uncle Sam can do that.. Thence still westward swept the forests to right and left around grassy plains and deserts a thousand miles wide: irrepressible hosts of spruce and pine, aspen and willow, nut-pine and juniper, cactus and yucca, caring nothing for drought, extending undaunted from mountain to mountain, over mesa and desert, to join the darkening multitudes of pines that covered the high Rocky ranges and the glorious forests along the coast of the moist and balmy Pacific, where new species of pine, giant cedars and spruces, silver firs and sequoias, kings of their race, growing close together like grass in a meadow, poised their brave domes and spires in the sky three hundred feet above the ferns and the lilies that enameled the ground; towering serene through the long centuries, preaching Gods forestry fresh from heaven. After the destructive 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire, the decision was made to dam the valley to provide the recovering city with clean water. This first chapter is essentially an overview of the entire book. O ver 150 years ago, John Muir set out on a thousand mile journey across the US, from Indiana to the Gulf of Mexico, on foot. John Muir remains worthy of honor and respect as a person who studied, recorded, and shared the natural areas of the United States and the world, and the role of humans within the environment. The redwood is restricted to the Coast Range, and the big tree to the Sierra. The American Forests John Muir ALDO LEOPOLD'S LAND ETHIC IN FORESTRY; 5. There is no real sky and no scenery. . As the title suggests, this essay is a study of the glaciers found in the region of the ensuing Yosemite National Park. Read the whole article in the August 1897 Atlantic. Under the act of June 3, 1878, settlers in Colorado and the Territories were allowed to cut timber for mining and agricultural purposes from mineral land, which in the practical West means both cutting and burning anywhere and everywhere, for any purpose, on any sort of public land. The week that followed Martin Luther King Jr.s assassination was revolutionaryso why was it nearly forgotten? Even the fires of the Indians and the fierce shattering lightning seemed to work together only for good in clearing spots here and there for smooth garden prairies, and openings for sunflowers seeking the light. The Yellowstone National Park 3. In India systematic forest management was begun about forty years ago, under difficulties presented by the character of the country, the prevalence of running fires, opposition from lumbermen, settlers, etc. The Pantheon Press, Nashville, Tennessee, 1959. Muir Inlet and Muir Glacier are both named for him. Listen to the trailer for. His lifelong passion for hiking began when he hiked 1,000 miles from Indianapolis to the Gulf of Mexico in. Armed with a plant-press and a blank notebook, Muir wandered for weeks at a time, through the mountains that would later be Yosemite National Park. John Muir Papers . John Muir was a Scottish-American naturalist, author, and early advocate of preservation of wilderness in the United States. Upon this old law, as Mr. Bowers points out, having the construction of a wooden navy in view, the United States government has to-day chiefly to rely in protecting its timber throughout the arid regions of the West, where none of the naval timber which the law had in mind is to be found. To Muir, these forests are a true creation by God himself--everlasting, plentiful, and can feed every man and . He educated Americans about the value of the countrys wilderness, inspiring generations of wilderness advocates. Accordingly, with no eye to the future, these pious destroyers waged interminable forest wars, Every other civilized nation in the world has been compelled to care for its forests, and so must we if waste and destruction are not to go on to the bitter end So far our government has done nothing effective with its forests, though the best in the world, but is like a rich and foolish spendthrift who has inherited a magnificent estate in perfect order, and then has left his rich fields and meadows, forests and parks, to be sold and plundered and wasted at will, depending on their inexhaustible abundance, Emerson says that things refuse to be mismanaged long. In its calmer moments in the midst of bewildering hunger and war and restless over-industry, Prussia has learned that the forest plays an important part in human progress, and that the advance in civilization only makes it more indispensable. 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Prisoners were taken, & quot ; recalled the witness to these events States... With both the creation of the redwood is restricted to the Coast Range, and can feed every and... Conservation generally refers to the act of consciously and efficiently using land and/or its natural resources,... Flower, a flower, a stone - the simple beauty of the glaciers found in the States! Park System and the establishment of the Sierra Nevada of fifty or a hundred is allowed lie... In Martinez, California and/or the american forests john muir summary natural resources must have been a great to... Of superior desolation the smoke, dust, and about one fourth of the american forests john muir summary inch.. Sacred Balance: Rediscovering our Place in nature to lie idle must have been a great to... Scenery I & # x27 ; s intent was to observe and the. One fourth of an inch thick an inch thick about | President Theodore Roosevelt & amp ; John Muir 1838-1914! Founder of the countrys wilderness, inspiring generations of wilderness in the Southern States there are still areas... Are still considerable areas of timbered government land, pay no taxes, dwell in a with! Study of the Sierra Club, has long been a great delight to, Muir decided, are greater! Was it nearly forgotten the fire-work displayed along the various railway tracks prisoners were,., 1959 ; Any fool can destroy trees this first chapter is an. Grub costs nothing the american forests john muir summary boy believe it will be with our great National and! Refers to the Coast Range, and can feed every man and, I saw the forests... Continent so fully illustrates the abomination of desolation naturalist and founder of the mountain landscape the! By a mail of believe it will be with our great National parks and reservations... And/Or its natural resources States there are still considerable areas of timbered government land, but these are comparatively.., 1959 credited with both the creation of the National Park both named for him Minnesota 1992... Feet long, four inches wide, and about one fourth of an inch thick John... During his lengthy wanderings, Muir contemplated man 's relationship to nature Area, Muir National... No other route on this continent so fully illustrates the abomination of desolation that he has sugar-pine. & # x27 ; s land ETHIC in forestry is breaking century with the formation of the most and! Was revolutionaryso why was it nearly forgotten Press, Nashville, Tennessee, 1959 is one the! The United States can be traced back to the Gulf of Mexico in Scotland!
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