. We both have large upper leg bones followed by a kneecap, two lower leg bones and ankle and toe bones. Our fingernail is their hoof, and our nail growth generates from the cuticle, their hoof from the coronary band. Each kind of chemical compound can be represented by a formula expressing the number, kind, and arrangement of elements within it. Human, Bird, and Bat Bone Comparison From the outside human arms, bird wings, and bats wings look very different. In turn, this provides more evidence in support of evolutionary processes. 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Big cat muscle fibres on the other hand are 300% stronger despite the fact they are only 1/3 the size of human muscle fibres and are overwhelmingly fast twitch predominant compared to us. The interfemoral membrane, especially well-developed in insectivorous, carnivorous, and fish-eating bats, is less-well-developed or even absent in the vampires and in fruit- and flower-feeding bats. Let's take a look at the world, specifically the mammals, around us. Well, the first one that strikes me is we all have a similar shape. When these traits share a common evolutionary origin - meaning they develop from the same embryonic tissue in the fetus - and when they share a common ancestor, they are called homologous structures. In the fall these bats increase their weight by 50 to 100 percent. The small colon is about 3.5m long and empties into the rectum. Liver. We stand upright; horses stand prone on their four limbs. jQuery('.pum-overlay').on('pumInit', function() { Comparing Humans and Horses - The Horse Comparing Humans and Horses Comparisons of humans to horses logically can start with the anatomy. Analogous structures form via the process of convergent evolution, which means that certain traits in very distantly organisms appear to become more similar. However, despite small differences in function, they still have one upper arm bone, followed by two lower arm bones, wrist bones and finger bones - just like humans, although, sometimes the length or number of the bones and the shape of the muscles used to move their arms and legs may vary slightly. Now, note that I said similar and not identical in structure. When fully active, bats have a body temperature of about 37 C (98.6 F). After all, theres another reason in our common experience why things look alike. Some of the fingers, especially the third, fold over when the bat is not in flight; the wing may then be quite tightly folded or may partly enfold the bats undersurface. Evolution refers to the modification of characteristics of living organisms over the span of many generations. In the case of the donkey and the horse, it's easy to see these two share a common ancestor; however, it's a little more difficult when looking at a whale versus a bat, isn't it? Wisdom teeth and goosebumps are considered vestigial structures in human beings, since they no longer serve a purpose - but it believed they did for human ancestors. Consider hemoglobin, for example, the protein that carries oxygen in red blood cells. Therefore, impact is greatest on the front legs (except when pushing off from behind). He answers that repeated evolution seemed plausible only as long as hemoglobin was considered just red stu that held oxygen. The horse has relatively short and thick femur (thigh) bones, and humerus (upper arm) bones. Primary Root Tissue, Root Hairs and the Plant Vascular Cylinder. Bird Transcribed Image Text: humerus radius ulna -carpal -metacarpal phalanges human whale cat bat bird Expert Solution Want to see the full answer? The arm bones of the human consist of the humerus, the radius and the ulna. 2010-04-09 01:12:32. Both animals use them primarily for walking and running. Monkeys do a lot more climbing than walking, while dogs and cats use all four limbs to walk and run. // setTimeout(function () { Horses become seniors once they turn 17 years old. However, the bones in the wing of a bat and the pectoral fin of a whale, even though they're similar in structure, are very different in function - one uses them for flying and the other for swimming. 6iD_, |uZ^ty;!Y,}{C/h> PK ! Get unlimited access to over 84,000 lessons. One of these is the evolutionary idea of descent from a common ancestor. A sidewalk, fence, patio, and house may be made of bricks that are 100 percent identical, for example, but they are arranged in dierent ways to serve dramatically dierent purposes. (LogOut/ As far as creationists are concerned, hemoglobin occurs, complete and fully functional, wherever it is appropriate in the Creators plan, somewhat like a blue-colored tile in an artists mosaic. Many bats that exhibit daily torpor also hibernate during the winter and therefore must store energy as body fat. jQuery('.pum-overlay').on('pumOpenPrevented', '.pum', function () { Using descent from a common ancestor to explain similarities is probably the most logical and appealing idea that evolutionists have. An example of an analogous trait would be the fins of fish and dolphins, which evolved via different means but are useful for both organisms to aid in their travels throughout water. The horse digestive system starts from the mouth, buccal cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and end with the opening of the anus. This is a great book to give to a non-Christian as a witnessing tool. As mentioned earlier, homologous structures come about via divergent evolution, where similar structures become less similar over generations. Most functions work the same when deployed to a resource group, subscription, management group, or tenant. "9K^"?h{ DnnD~P'~+|$duI} I3S1Urg~9D1vvcGC2 wJY,~Hx /~n>e0#qNOXZ<9b{0q]?EBokwFM4)gLG{D=Ts%Z)P1)[y4"i|h1Cfxg)+l?F~Z}'H@Mlu$CAY\MA'455"OoQ^k=qOb {(963/8pv S$+e6n^b /(~c@(UN'hc._]}F B1$ But, despite slight variations, the order in which they are put together and the general function of motion are similar to those in humans and other mammals. The specialty of the horse digestive system is, microbial digestion occurs in the cecum instead of the stomach in cattle or other compound stomach animals. The horse has fewer dental problems compare to humans, but when they occur horses lose weight and waste feed so annual dental examinations should be a part of the horse management program. Esophagus. According to the mosaic concept of kind, God used several dierent genes or gene sets over and over again in dierent combinations and proportions to make a variety of life forms, somewhat like an artist might use several dierent kinds of colored stones over and over in dierent proportions and arrangements to make a variety of artistic designs. Actually, studies of molecular homology have produced major controversies within the evolutionists camp, since DNA trees frequently disagree with evolutionary trees based on fossils and/or on comparative anatomy. Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection | Concept & Overview. Muscles can also pose as examples of homologous organs under a set of certain circumstances. Let's take a quick look at the limbs of a few animals to review this idea. Convergence, in the sense of similar structures designed to meet similar needs, would be expected, of course, on the basis of creation according to a common design. The different bits of stone in the artists mosaic would correspond to the many dierent genes or gene sets in Gods mosaics, which are the various forms of living things. Thus, inflamm-aging and immunosescence are well described phenomena in both human and equine research, particular in relation to the peripheral blood and especially the T-cell compartment. Many species of monkeys, in particular, have longer arms than legs, or some, like dogs and cats, have four limbs all of similar length. Figure 6. Check out a sample Q&A here See Solution star_border The small intestine is the major area for the absorption of protein, fat, carbohydrate, and some minerals. So, even though we may walk a little differently, we still have the same bones and the same muscles in our legs. The most important part of the horse digestive system is cecum. Although these two forelimb have different functions, all the same bones are found in the forelimbs of both organisms. . However, sometimes we see similarities in function but without similarities in origin. Patterson was able to see the data regarding homology in their wholeness, and experience the unbridled freedom to wonder not only how but whether evolution occurred! Cat 3. Some evolutionists admit they have failed to find good evidence of evolution in comparing large structures, so they are looking instead for homology among molecules. - 14450019. answered comparison in human arm in form? Baptiste, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Danish Health and Medicines Authority, Copenhagen South, Denmark; D.W. Horohov, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky. Doug Byars, DVM, Dipl. He also describes data from molecular homology as a biochemical echo of typology, where typology is the pre-evolutionary view of classification developed by scientists on the basis of creationist thinking. It may also be used for locating an occupied roost, members of the same species, and the differentiation of individuals by sex. As well see later, both the octopus eye and the vertebrate eye are complete, complex, and totally distinct from one another right from their first appearance in the fossil sequence. Bats of several tropical families maintain a constant body temperature (homeothermy). The fins of fish and those of dolphins are also examples of analogous traits, as these organisms share only a very distant ancestor, but fins were beneficial to their survival in aquatic environments. Equine Nutrition FAQ Series, sponsored by Purina Animal Nutrition. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you Patterson said that he finally awoke, after having been duped into taking evolutionism as revealed truth all his life, to find that evolutionary theory makes bad systematics (the science of classification). Hereditary dental problems such as parrot mouth ( overshot) and monkey jaw (under-shot) seriously impair the ability of the horse to gather and utilize food. Certain shrimp-like animals that live in deep ocean darkness, he says, have compound eyes with lenses all arranged to focus light at a common point (rather than forming multiple images, as most compound eyes do). These are called analogous structures. When Mendeleev discovered the pattern God used in creating the chemical elements, he was able to predict the existence and properties of elements not then known to science. Heat is generated by the metabolism of fat and by shivering. There are three bones in the human arm: the humerus (upper arm) and the ulna and radius (forearm). trip to human arm in form as the horse. These results provide important evidence that age-related immune changes or dys-functions are organ specific.. So, instead of calling these eyes homologous organs, they call them examples of convergent evolution. Rather than evolution, however, we have another example of similarity in structure that cannot be explained as evolutionary descent from a common ancestor. By 45 million years ago (the Eocene Epoch), bats with fully developed powers of flight had evolved. Bats are mammals with front limbs modified for flight. The skeleton of a whale consists of a skull, a backbone, a rib cage, and a collection of bones that are part of the flipper, but correspond closely to the bones in the human arm a These organisms both share the bones: phalanges, carpals, metacarpals, an ulna, a radius, and humorous. 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